Neil Armstrong
was a soft-spoken engineer who became a global hero when as a
steely-nerved pilot he made "one giant leap for mankind" with a small
step onto the moon. The modest man, who had people on Earth entranced
and awed from almost a quarter-million miles away, but credited others
for the feat, died Saturday. He was 82.
Armstrong
died following complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures,
his family said in a statement. It didn't say where he died; he had
lived in suburban Cincinnati.
Armstrong
commanded the Apollo 11 spacecraft that landed on the moon July 20,
1969, capping the most daring of the 20th century's scientific
expeditions. His first words after becoming the first person to set foot
on the surface are etched in history books and the memories of those
who heard them in a live broadcast.
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," Armstrong said.
(Armstrong
insisted later that he had said "a'' before man, but said he too
couldn't hear it in the version that went to the world.)
In
those first few moments on the moon, during the climax of a heated
space race with the then-Soviet Union, Armstrong stopped in what he
called "a tender moment" and left a patch to commemorate NASA astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts who had died in action.
"It
was special and memorable but it was only instantaneous because there
was work to do," Armstrong told an Australian television interviewer
this year.
Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin spent nearly three hours walking on the lunar surface, collecting samples, conducting experiments and taking photographs.
"The sights were simply magnificent, beyond any visual experience that I had ever been exposed to," Armstrong once said.
The
moonwalk marked America's victory in the Cold War space race that began
Oct. 4, 1957, with the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, a
184-pound satellite that sent shock waves around the world.
Although he had been a Navy fighter pilot, a test pilot for NASA's
forerunner and an astronaut, Armstrong never allowed himself to be
caught up in the celebrity and glamour of the space program.
"I
am, and ever will be, a white socks, pocket protector, nerdy engineer,"
he said in February 2000 in one of his rare public appearances. "And I
take a substantial amount of pride in the accomplishments of my
profession."
A man who kept
away from cameras, Armstrong went public in 2010 with his concerns about
President Barack Obama's space policy that shifted attention away from a
return to the moon and emphasized private companies developing
spaceships. He testified before Congress and in an email to The
Associated Press, Armstrong said he had "substantial reservations," and
along with more than two dozen Apollo-era veterans, he signed a letter
calling the plan a "misguided proposal that forces NASA out of human space operations for the foreseeable future."
NASA chief Charles Bolden recalled Armstrong's grace and humility in a statement Saturday.
"As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own," Bolden said.
Armstrong's modesty and self-effacing manner never faded.
When
he appeared in Dayton in 2003 to help celebrate the 100th anniversary
of powered flight, he bounded onto a stage before 10,000 people packed
into a baseball stadium. But he spoke for only a few seconds, did not
mention the moon, and quickly ducked out of the spotlight.
He later joined former astronaut and Sen. John Glenn
to lay wreaths on the graves of Wilbur and Orville Wright. Glenn
introduced Armstrong and noted it was 34 years to the day that Armstrong
had walked on the moon.
"Thank you, John. Thirty-four years?" Armstrong quipped, as if he hadn't given it a thought.
At
another joint appearance, the two embraced and Glenn commented: "To
this day, he's the one person on Earth, I'm truly, truly envious of."
Armstrong's
moonwalk capped a series of accomplishments that included piloting the
X-15 rocket plane and making the first space docking during the Gemini 8
mission, which included a successful emergency splashdown.
In the
years afterward, Armstrong retreated to the quiet of the classroom and
his southwest Ohio farm. Aldrin said in his book "Men from Earth" that
Armstrong was one of the quietest, most private men he had ever met.
In
the Australian interview, Armstrong acknowledged that "now and then I
miss the excitement about being in the cockpit of an airplane and doing
new things."
At the time of the flight's 40th anniversary,
Armstrong again was low-key, telling a gathering that the space race was
"the ultimate peaceful competition: USA versus U.S.S.R. It did allow
both sides to take the high road with the objectives of science and
learning and exploration."
Glenn, who went through jungle training in Panama
with Armstrong as part of the astronaut program, described him as
"exceptionally brilliant" with technical matters but "rather retiring,
doesn't like to be thrust into the limelight much."
Derek
Elliott, curator of the Smithsonian Institution's U.S. Air and Space
Museum from 1982 to 1992, said the moonwalk probably marked the high
point of space exploration.
The manned lunar landing was a boon to the prestige of the United States,
which had been locked in a space race with the former Soviet Union, and
re-established U.S. pre-eminence in science and technology, Elliott
said.
"The fact that we were able to see it and be a part of it means that we are in our own way witnesses to history," he said.
The
1969 landing met an audacious deadline that President Kennedy had set
in May 1961, shortly after Alan Shepard became the first American in
space with a 15-minute suborbital flight. (Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A.
Gagarin had orbited the Earth and beaten the U.S. into space the
previous month.)
"I believe this nation should commit itself to
achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the
moon and returning him safely to Earth," Kennedy had said. "No single
space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more
important to the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so
difficult or expensive to accomplish."
The end-of-decade goal was
met with more than five months to spare. "Houston: Tranquility Base
here," Armstrong radioed after the spacecraft settled onto the moon.
"The Eagle has landed."
"Roger, Tranquility," Apollo astronaut
Charles Duke radioed back from Mission Control. "We copy you on the
ground. You've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing
again. Thanks a lot."
The third astronaut on the mission, Michael
Collins, circled the moon in the mother ship Columbia 60 miles overhead
while Armstrong and Aldrin went to the moon's surface.
Collins told NASA on Saturday that he will miss Armstrong terribly, spokesman Bob Jacobs tweeted.
In all, 12 American astronauts walked on the moon between 1969 and the last moon mission in 1972.
For Americans, reaching the moon provided uplift and respite from the Vietnam
War, from strife in the Middle East, from the startling news just a few
days earlier that a young woman had drowned in a car driven off a
wooden bridge on Chappaquiddick Island by Sen. Edward Kennedy. The
landing occurred as organizers were gearing up for Woodstock, the
legendary three-day rock festival on a farm in the Catskills of New
York.
Armstrong was born Aug. 5, 1930, on a farm near Wapakoneta
in western Ohio. He took his first airplane ride at age 6 and developed a
fascination with aviation that prompted him to build model airplanes
and conduct experiments in a homemade wind tunnel.
As a boy, he worked at a pharmacy and took flying lessons. He was licensed to fly at 16, before he got his driver's license.
Armstrong
enrolled in Purdue University to study aeronautical engineering but was
called to duty with the U.S. Navy in 1949 and flew 78 combat missions
in Korea.
After the war, Armstrong finished his degree from Purdue
and later earned a master's degree in aerospace engineering from the
University of Southern California. He became a test pilot with what
evolved into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, flying
more than 200 kinds of aircraft from gliders to jets.
Armstrong was accepted into NASA's
second astronaut class in 1962 — the first, including Glenn, was chosen
in 1959 — and commanded the Gemini 8 mission in 1966. After the first
space docking, he brought the capsule back in an emergency landing in
the Pacific Ocean when a wildly firing thruster kicked it out of orbit.
Armstrong
was backup commander for the historic Apollo 8 mission at Christmastime
in 1968. In that flight, Commander Frank Borman, and Jim Lovell and
Bill Anders circled the moon 10 times, and paving the way for the lunar
landing seven months later.
Aldrin said he and Armstrong were not prone to free exchanges of sentiment.
"But
there was that moment on the moon, a brief moment, in which we sort of
looked at each other and slapped each other on the shoulder ... and
said, 'We made it. Good show,' or something like that," Aldrin said.
An
estimated 600 million people — a fifth of the world's population —
watched and listened to the landing, the largest audience for any single
event in history.
Parents huddled with their children in front of
the family television, mesmerized by what they were witnessing. Farmers
abandoned their nightly milking duties, and motorists pulled off the
highway and checked into motels just to see the moonwalk.
Television-less
campers in California ran to their cars to catch the word on the radio.
Boy Scouts at a camp in Michigan watched on a generator-powered
television supplied by a parent.
Afterward, people walked out of
their homes and gazed at the moon, in awe of what they had just seen.
Others peeked through telescopes in hopes of spotting the astronauts.
In Wapakoneta, media and souvenir frenzy was swirling around the home of Armstrong's parents.
"You couldn't see the house for the news media," recalled John Zwez, former manager of the Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum. "People were pulling grass out of their front yard."
Armstrong,
Aldrin and Collins were given ticker tape parades in New York, Chicago
and Los Angeles and later made a 22-nation world tour. A homecoming in
Wapakoneta drew 50,000 people to the city of 9,000.
In 1970, Armstrong was appointed deputy associate administrator for aeronautics at NASA but left the following year to teach aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati.
He remained there until 1979 and during that time bought a 310-acre farm near Lebanon, where he raised cattle and corn. He stayed out of public view, accepting few requests for interviews or speeches.
"He
didn't give interviews, but he wasn't a strange person or hard to talk
to," said Ron Huston, a colleague at the University of Cincinnati. "He
just didn't like being a novelty."
Those who knew him said he
enjoyed golfing with friends, was active in the local YMCA and
frequently ate lunch at the same restaurant in Lebanon.
In 2000,
when he agreed to announce the top 20 engineering achievements of the
20th century as voted by the National Academy of Engineering, Armstrong
said there was one disappointment relating to his moonwalk.
"I can honestly say — and it's a big surprise to me — that I have never had a dream about being on the moon," he said.
From
1982 to 1992, Armstrong was chairman of Charlottesville, Va.-based
Computing Technologies for Aviation Inc., a company that supplies
computer information management systems for business aircraft.
He then became chairman of AIL Systems Inc., an electronic systems company in Deer Park, N.Y.
Armstrong
married Carol Knight in 1999, and the couple lived in Indian Hill, a
Cincinnati suburb. He had two adult sons from a previous marriage.
It's the second death in a month of one of NASA's
most visible, history-making astronauts. Sally Ride, the first American
woman in space, died of pancreatic cancer on July 23 at age 61.
One of NASA's closest astronaut friends was fellow Ohioan, Mercury astronaut John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth.
Just
prior to the 50th anniversary of Glenn's orbital flight this past
February, Armstrong offered high praise to the elder astronaut and said
that Glenn had told him many times how he wished he, too, had flown to
the moon on Apollo 11. Glenn said it was his only regret.
Noted
Armstrong in an email: "I am hoping I will be 'in his shoes' and have as
much success in longevity as he has demonstrated." Glenn is 91.
At
the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles on Saturday, visitors held a
minute of silence for Armstrong. His family's statement made a simple
request for anyone else who wanted to remember him:
"Honor
his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time
you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you,
think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."
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